Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a key player in the transition to green hydrogen, classified by its carbon emission intensity. In 2021, global ammonia production reached approximately 180 million tons, primarily for nitrogen fertilizers, with the remainder used in pharmaceuticals and textiles.
Currently, ammonia production relies on fossil fuels, contributing over 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional methods emit 2.3 tons of CO2 per ton of ammonia from natural gas and up to 3.9 tons from coal. Blue ammonia, produced using carbon capture technology, reduces emissions but does not eliminate them entirely.
Green ammonia, derived from green hydrogen through water electrolysis powered by renewable energy, presents a nearly carbon-free option. This method is economically competitive in regions rich in renewable resources, although its widespread adoption is still developing.
Recent advancements in ammonia technology enable its cracking into hydrogen, making it a cost-effective solution for energy transport over long distances. With the maritime industry aiming for net-zero emissions by 2050, green ammonia could become a scalable low-carbon fuel, provided that safety standards and technical challenges are addressed.
To accelerate the adoption of green ammonia, financial tools to lower investment costs, streamlined permitting for renewable energy access, and supportive political initiatives are essential.